Characteristics of Poet, Poetry, and Poetic Expression: Insights by Altaf Hussain Hali

Abstract

Altaf Hussain Hali, an eminent figure in Urdu literature, holds the distinction of being its first critic. Not only was he a poet and writer, but his "Muqaddama-e-Shair-o-Shairi" stands as Urdu's inaugural work of literary criticism, serving as the preface to his collected poems, Divan, released in 1890. Revered scholar Annemarie Schimmel hailed him as the "founder of literary tradition in Urdu." It was during this period that he adopted the pseudonym "Hali," signifying contemporariness and modernity, replacing his earlier one, "Khasta."Relocating to Lahore in 1871 exposed Hali to a novel form of Mushaira, where poets were assigned specific topics for their recitations, marking the advent of Urdu Nazm. Hali, recognizing the evolving landscape, outlined principles for poetry and poets. Though influenced by Western critics, he tailored these guidelines for Urdu poetry, emphasizing a comprehensive grasp of the universe, imaginative depth, and meticulous word selection. He advocated for simplicity, originality, and avoidance of hyperbole in poetry. Hali's impact as a literary luminary transcends his era; he remains a pivotal figure in Urdu criticism. Many subsequent Urdu critics have adhered to his principles, recognizing his enduring contributions. His discerning insights into the craft of poetry and the role of poets underscore his significance as the progenitor of Urdu literary criticism. In essence, Hali's legacy as a trailblazer in Urdu criticism endures, ensuring his indispensable place in its annals.